Five unexpected ways cold weather can affect your health and how to prepare

Fall is the season of crisp weather, cozy sweaters and shorter days. But as temperatures begin to drop, cold weather brings more than just a change in wardrobe. It also introduces a new set of health risks that can impact your well-being. 

Why does cold weather matter for your health? 

Cold temperatures, dry air and reduced daylight can all play a role in how your body functions, especially if you live with a chronic health condition. Even individuals in good health can feel the effects of cold weather on their mood, skin, breathing and heart. As temperatures drop, your body works harder to stay warm. Understanding how cold weather influences your health can help you take steps to stay safe, warm and healthy throughout the season.  

Here are five unexpected ways cold weather can affect your health and how to prepare: 

1. Respiratory issues

Cold air can irritate the lungs and airways, especially for people living with chronic respiratory conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma.  

What you can do: Protect your lungs 

• Wear a scarf or mask over your nose and mouth when outside to help warm and moisten the air you breathe into your lungs.
• Avoid exercising outside as the cold weather can increase symptoms of asthma, COPD and chronic lung conditions. 

View the City of Toronto’s Staying Healthy in Cold Weather page for information to stay safe and healthy during cold weather. 

2. Asthma flare-ups and medication planning 

Asthma symptoms can worsen in colder weather, especially when spending more time indoors where dust, mold and pet dander may be more concentrated. Individuals with asthma should have a personalized action plan, including preventative and rescue medications.  

What you can do: Plan ahead 

• Create or update your asthma action plan with your healthcare provider, which outlines medication usage, symptom monitoring and steps to take during flare-ups.
• Make sure your prescriptions are current and filled up. 
• Use a humidifier indoors to help ease breathing and reduce airway irritation.
• Check the weather and temperature before going out and dress appropriately for cold weather conditions.  

Learn more about managing your asthma during cold weather by reading Asthma Canada’s winter ready tips.  

3. Heart strain from cold weather and snow removal 

Shoveling snow or doing strenuous activity in cold weather can put extra strain on your heart, increasing the risk of heart attacks, especially for older adults and those with underlying heart conditions. This combination of physical exertion and cold temperatures can increase blood pressure and heart rate, potentially leading to a heart attack or other cardiovascular events. 

What you can do: Take additional precautions 

• Pace yourself and take frequent breaks when needed.
• Avoid sudden burst of activities after long periods of rest. Cold weather causes blood vessels to tighten, making the heart work harder. Jumping into strenuous activity like snow shoveling can increase the risk of a heart attack.
• Dress in layers to keep your body warm to reduce strain on your heart.
• Never shovel snow above your shoulders.
• Know the warning signs of a heart attack. If you experience chest discomfort, shortness of breath, nausea or lightheadedness, seek medical attention immediately.  

4. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) 

Shorter daylight hours and less sun exposure in the fall and winter can lead to Seasonal Affective Disorder, affecting mood, appetite, energy and ability to concentrate. This type of depression typically begins late fall and lasts through the winter months. 

What you can do: Support your mental health 

• Try to go outside during daylight hours, even if it’s cold.
• Connect with friends and family and maintain a regular routine.
• Talk with a healthcare provider if you notice signs of depression, like persistent sadness, low energy or changes in your sleep.
• Use mental health resources to learn about supports available to you. Visit the Ontario mental health support page for more information.  

5. Dry indoor air 

Cold air holds less moisture and indoor heating systems can dry out the air even more. This can lead to irritated sinuses, dry skin, cracked lips and even dehydration. 

What you can do: Prepare ahead of time

• Use a humidifier to maintain moisture in the air. If you don’t have a humidifier, boil a pot of water and let the steam go into the air for temporary relief. 
• Stay hydrated by drinking water throughout the day.
• Moisturize your skin regularly and use lip balm to prevent lips chapping.